Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition that affects the bladder and surrounding pelvic area. It is characterized by recurring episodes of bladder pain, urinary urgency, and frequency. The exact cause of IC is still not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of factors, including bladder inflammation, defects in the protective lining of the bladder, nerve dysfunction, and an autoimmune or allergic response. The symptoms can vary from person to person, ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain that can significantly impact daily activities, sleep, and overall quality of life.

Diagnosing interstitial cystitis can be challenging, as there is no specific test or biomarker for the condition. Medical professionals often rely on a combination of symptoms, medical history, physical exams, and exclusion of other possible causes to make a diagnosis. Treatment approaches for IC are usually tailored to the individual's symptoms and may involve a combination of therapies. These can include lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes (avoiding bladder irritants like caffeine and acidic foods), stress management, bladder training exercises, and pelvic floor physical therapy. Medications, such as oral medications to reduce inflammation or relieve pain, bladder instillations, or nerve modulators, may also be prescribed. In some cases, more invasive procedures or surgeries may be considered for symptom management in severe or refractory cases of IC. It is important for individuals with IC to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that suits their specific needs and improves their overall well-being.